Heat engines near the adiabatic limit typically assume a working medium at thermal equilibrium. However, quantum many-body systems often showcase conservation laws that hinder thermalization, leading ...

According to holography, a black hole is dual to a thermal state in a strongly coupled quantum system. One of the best-known examples of holography is the Anti-de Sitter/Conformal Field Theory ...

In reality, real heat engines are not reversible and lose energy in the form of heat. Thus, the efficiency of a real heat engine is always less than that of a Carnot heat engine operating between the ...