Electron spin resonance (ESR) describes a suite of techniques for characterizing electronic systems with applications in physics, chemistry, and biology. However, the requirement for large electron ...

In ESR, a spin label is added to the target site using cysteine substitution. This is followed by modifying the sulfhydryl group with a paramagnetic nitroxide reagent. The ESR then provides ...

These compounds can readily aggregate, increasing the viscosity of the oil, which can plug wellbores and flowlines during the extraction and processing. In addition, asphaltenes can also deactivate ...